EXPLAINER: All You Need to Know About Penile Cancer

With the sudden increase of penile cancer cases in countries such as Brazil, with more than 6,500 amputations recorded over the past decade, according to recent data from the Ministry of Health.

Nigeria is not entirely free and not entirely in trouble as well. However, symptoms typically begin with a persistent sore on the penis, and early detection is crucial for effective treatment.

Brazil has one of the highest global incidence rates of penile cancer at 2.1 per 100,000 men. Maranhão, the country’s poorest state, has the highest incidence rate worldwide at 6.1 per 100,000 men. Here is everything you need to know about penile cancer and preventive measures.

What is Penile Cancer?

Penile cancer is a rare type of malignancy that occurs on the skin or in the tissues of the penis. It most commonly starts in the cells of the skin and can develop into various types, with squamous cell carcinoma being the most prevalent.

Early symptoms often include a growth or sore on the penis, changes in skin colour, and discharge or bleeding. If detected early, penile cancer is often treatable with a high chance of recovery through surgical removal of the lesion, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy.

Risk factors for penile cancer include poor hygiene, HPV infection, smoking, and conditions such as phimosis, which makes it difficult to retract the foreskin for cleaning. Preventative measures include maintaining proper genital hygiene, vaccination against HPV, and, in some cases, circumcision. Early diagnosis is crucial as advanced stages of penile cancer may require partial or total amputation of the penis, significantly impacting a patient’s quality of life.

Penile Cancer in Nigeria

Penile cancer in Nigeria is relatively rare but presents a significant health concern. According to the Global Cancer Observatory, the incidence rate of penile cancer in Nigeria was about 0.2 per 100,000 men as of the latest data available.

The National Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment (NICRAT) in Nigeria is actively involved in research and public health initiatives to address various forms of cancer, including penile cancer. The institute emphasises the importance of early detection, public education on risk factors such as HPV, and promoting vaccination to prevent the spread of HPV-related cancer.

Additionally, Nigeria faces challenges in healthcare access and infrastructure, which impact the diagnosis and treatment of penile cancer and other malignancies.

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Preventing Penile Cancer in Men and Nigeria

To prevent penile cancer in Nigeria, several strategies should be emphasised based on global insights and local needs:

1. Improve Hygiene Practices: Ensuring that men maintain proper genital hygiene can significantly reduce the risk of penile cancer. This includes regular cleaning, particularly for those with conditions like phimosis which can trap secretions and create a breeding ground for infections.

2. Increase HPV Vaccination Rates: HPV infection is a significant risk factor for penile cancer. In Brazil, low vaccination rates have been linked to high incidences of HPV-related cancers. Nigeria should aim to improve vaccination coverage among both boys and girls to prevent HPV transmission. Public health campaigns and school-based vaccination programs could be effective in increasing these rates.

3. Promote Safe Sexual Practices: Using condoms can reduce the risk of HPV and other sexually transmitted infections that are linked to penile cancer. Public awareness campaigns about safe sex practices are essential.

4. Encourage Circumcision: Studies suggest that penile cancer is rare in circumcised populations. Promoting circumcision, particularly in regions with high incidences of penile cancer, can be a preventive measure. This recommendation should be accompanied by proper medical guidance and support.

5. Public Awareness and Education: Educating the public about the symptoms of penile cancer, such as persistent sores, changes in skin colour, and unusual discharge, can lead to earlier diagnosis and treatment. Community outreach programs and collaboration with healthcare providers can enhance awareness and encourage men to seek medical advice promptly.